The mining industry is the economic sector that includes the exploration and mining operations. It relates to extraction of minerals, rare earth metals including, for example copper, iron or gold. Its activity is framed in most countries by a Mining Code (mine surveys). It is an important source of revenue (direct and indirect) of water pollution, air, soil and ecosystems by metals.
It operates fossil fuels or non-renewable human time scales, requiring significant amount of energy and sometimes water. It leaves legacy of mining, the legislation demand in a growing number of countries to reduce, treat and compensate at as the operation or as part of "post-mining".
Since the development and exploitation of mineral deposits is very time consuming and expensive, it is to have a high contract and investment security for mining companies of concern. This contrasts with the interests of state to achieve the highest taxes from mining. Customer and recipient countries want security of supply and low prices.
This industry, in context of globalization and while some sectors are already facing an increasingly scarce resource must meet multiple demands and sometimes contradictory; a short-term benefit of demand, the shareholders and the markets, an increasing demand for material from particular manufacturers, the energy sector (coal ..) and construction including an application for the principles of sustainability development and geostrategic balances.
The principle of landowners mining. Here is why the owner of owner of resource. On public lands acquired by the Finder claims to its discovery. This view is from English common law. The French Civil Code and the style similar legal systems represent an intermediate view. The above-ground mineral resources belong to landowner, the underground to State. Depending on the location, history and development of raw materials, this results in conflicts due to different legal traditions, local authorities and contractual arrangements. The discovery and possible development of extensive natural resources can exacerbate existing territorial conflicts and problematic boundary issues, as well as lead to new legal instruments.
In Stone Age cultures (North America, New Guinea), this operation held in part to present day. The exploitation of Mediterranean obsidian deposits is considered to be the work of opportunity miners. A permanent or seasonal mining operation requires an agricultural surpluses and trade, as the miners need to be fed, without being able to produce their own food and even produce more products than the community can use. The conditions were usually given only in Chalcolithic period (Naqada / copper mines of Timna in Egypt). Iran's copper mines are already stone age and over 6500 years old. The heyday of Cypriot mines begins 4000 years ago.
A natural tendency is to look for valuable metals (gold, platinum ...) The race for the most sought gold metal ranks first with 47% of global mineral exploration expenditures 4 this rate can be much higher in some countries (over 60% in Quebec in 2005 5. The jewelry would even the first engine of global demand for gold: more than 80% of gold mined each year is transformed .
In twenty-mining tends to integrate the metallurgy, joining a business model closer to that established in oil industry where the same actor is prospecting for new deposits, operates known deposits, refines raw materials and markets of finished products. Thus, the concentration of firms in this industry has established actors who extract and manufactures pure metal or alloys ingots. For Canada: 75% of companies worldwide exploration or exploitation, are headquartered. And nearly 60% of those listed are recorded at the Toronto Stock Exchange with the convenience of legislation (regulatory and judicial) and the specific tax regime of that country for the industry.
It operates fossil fuels or non-renewable human time scales, requiring significant amount of energy and sometimes water. It leaves legacy of mining, the legislation demand in a growing number of countries to reduce, treat and compensate at as the operation or as part of "post-mining".
Since the development and exploitation of mineral deposits is very time consuming and expensive, it is to have a high contract and investment security for mining companies of concern. This contrasts with the interests of state to achieve the highest taxes from mining. Customer and recipient countries want security of supply and low prices.
This industry, in context of globalization and while some sectors are already facing an increasingly scarce resource must meet multiple demands and sometimes contradictory; a short-term benefit of demand, the shareholders and the markets, an increasing demand for material from particular manufacturers, the energy sector (coal ..) and construction including an application for the principles of sustainability development and geostrategic balances.
The principle of landowners mining. Here is why the owner of owner of resource. On public lands acquired by the Finder claims to its discovery. This view is from English common law. The French Civil Code and the style similar legal systems represent an intermediate view. The above-ground mineral resources belong to landowner, the underground to State. Depending on the location, history and development of raw materials, this results in conflicts due to different legal traditions, local authorities and contractual arrangements. The discovery and possible development of extensive natural resources can exacerbate existing territorial conflicts and problematic boundary issues, as well as lead to new legal instruments.
In Stone Age cultures (North America, New Guinea), this operation held in part to present day. The exploitation of Mediterranean obsidian deposits is considered to be the work of opportunity miners. A permanent or seasonal mining operation requires an agricultural surpluses and trade, as the miners need to be fed, without being able to produce their own food and even produce more products than the community can use. The conditions were usually given only in Chalcolithic period (Naqada / copper mines of Timna in Egypt). Iran's copper mines are already stone age and over 6500 years old. The heyday of Cypriot mines begins 4000 years ago.
A natural tendency is to look for valuable metals (gold, platinum ...) The race for the most sought gold metal ranks first with 47% of global mineral exploration expenditures 4 this rate can be much higher in some countries (over 60% in Quebec in 2005 5. The jewelry would even the first engine of global demand for gold: more than 80% of gold mined each year is transformed .
In twenty-mining tends to integrate the metallurgy, joining a business model closer to that established in oil industry where the same actor is prospecting for new deposits, operates known deposits, refines raw materials and markets of finished products. Thus, the concentration of firms in this industry has established actors who extract and manufactures pure metal or alloys ingots. For Canada: 75% of companies worldwide exploration or exploitation, are headquartered. And nearly 60% of those listed are recorded at the Toronto Stock Exchange with the convenience of legislation (regulatory and judicial) and the specific tax regime of that country for the industry.
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